Asylum, Immigration and Refugee Law
While the process of legal research in any jurisdiction follows the same basic steps, United States legal sources differ from foreign legal sources. There are also numerous helpful resources specifically for international law as well as for asylum, immigration and refugee law research.
Regardless of the jurisdiction, it is best to start any legal research project with secondary sources. Secondary legal sources include treatises, loose-leaf services and law review articles. There are many US secondary sources as well as international and foreign secondary sources.
If you are preparing a paper, the Research Road Map: How to Prepare Your Note, Cert. or Seminar Paper will guide you, step by step, from choosing a topic through making sure your research is up to date. There are particular resources which are of assistance with selecting a topic in asylum, immigration and or refugee law.
Selecting a Topic in Asylum, Immigration or Refugee Law
One of the most helpful resources for selecting a topic for a research paper in asylum, immigration or refugee law, or actually any topic, is news stories. Take a look at the news or press releases on web sites for international organizations and government agencies which deal with human rights, refugees and migration such as:
- US Government Agencies
- US Department of State: Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
- Inter-Governmental Governmental Organizations (IGOs)
- African Commission on Human and People's Rights
- European Council on Refugees and Exiles
- European Court of Human Rights
- International Court of Justice
- Inter-American Court of Human Rights
- Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
- UN High Commissioner for Refugees
- UN High Commissioner for Human Rights
- Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)
- American Refugee Committee
- Amnesty International: see links under topic Refugees
- Forced Migration Online
- Global IDP Project
- Human Rights Internet
- Human Rights Watch
- International Committee of the Red Cross
- International Organization for Migration
- Refugees International
- US Committee for Refugees
- World Refugee
- Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children
- General international and foreign news
- World News Connect (BU only)
- LexisNexis and Westlaw: Search the LexisNexis or Westlaw news files for a particular foreign jurisdiction, the United States, or on a specific topic. Consult the Westlaw Database Directory or the LexisNexis Directory of Sources to choose the best database.
Researching the Law of the United States
Finding US Primary Law
Legislation: Current United States legislation promulgated by Congress can be found in the statutory code of the United States.
- Sources for the United States Code (subject arrangement
of enacted legislation) include:
- United States Code ("USC") (Law Pappas)
- United States Code Annotated ("USCA") (Law Pappas)
- United States Code Service ("USCS") (Law Pappas)
- LexisNexis (GENFED:USCODE); also (GENFED; USCS)
- Westlaw (USC); also (USCA)
- Government Printing Office version of USC
- Immigration and Nationality Act from the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services (BCIS) web site.
- Recently enacted legislation, called
Public Laws, is available in
- Advance legislative services which accompany the annotated
codes
- USCA (Law Pappas)
- USCS (Law Pappas)
- LexisNexis (USCS)
- Westlaw (USCA).
- Statutes at Large (Law Pappas)
- United States Code Congressional and Administrative News (USCAAN) (Law Pappas and Westlaw)
- Thomas web site
- List of Public Laws Amending the INA from the BCIS web site.
- Advance legislative services which accompany the annotated
codes
- Recently introduced legislation, called bills, can be located
- using the Congressional Universe (1789 to present) index for microfiche at Pappas Law Library
- LexisNexis (GENFED:BILLS)
- Westlaw (BC)
- Thomas web site.
- Most laws relating to immigration can be found in Title 8 of the United States Code. Recent amendments can be found by looking at newly enacted legislation as well as on the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services ("BCIS") web page.
- It may also be helpful to look at the legislative history of federal statutes.
Administrative law: Administrative law is generated by the executive branch of the federal government, and includes regulations, executive orders of the President, and documents generated by administrative agencies.
Regulations which direct federal agencies implementing federal statutes are found in:
- Code of Federal Regulations ("CFR"):
A subject arrangement of federal regulations. Regulations for
the BCIS are found at 8
C.F.R., as well as in other
C.F.R. sections
- Law Pappas
- LexisNexis
- Westlaw
- GPO Access: Code of Federal Regulations
- Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School: Code of Federal Regulations, including 8 C.F.R.
- Bender's Immigration Regulations Service (Law Annex KF4819 G67 1988).
- Federal Register: Organized chronologically
and published daily. All regulations, in their proposed and final
forms, appear in the Federal Register.
- Law Pappas, Law Micro and Law Annex KF 70 A21
- the BCIS provides access to Federal Register sections related to immigration (1994-present)
- LexisNexis (GENFED:FEDREG)
- Westlaw (FR)
- GPO Access: Federal Register (1995-present)
Executive Orders of the President can be found in:
- Title 3, Code of Federal Regulations
- Law Pappas
- Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School: 3 C.F.R.
- Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents
- Law Annex J80 A284
- GPO Access: Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents (1993-present)
- Federal Register
- LexisNexis (EXEC:PRESDOC)
- Westlaw (PRES)
- White House web site
Administrative agencies related to immigration include:
- Enforcement of immigration law lies with the Bureau
of Citizenship and Immigration Services, a bureau of the US
Department of Homeland Security.
- BCIS procedure manuals and policy guidances
- BCIS Interpretations and Operation Instructions supplement the statutes and regulations governing immigration.
- BCIS: Asylum information
- BCIS: Refugees information
- BCIS: Humanitarian Parole information
- Administrative Decisions: Immigration law judges handle
cases of exclusion and deportation and some of their decisions
can be found in
- Interpreter Releases (Law Annex KF4802 I57)
- Select opinions are available at the INS site.
- The Board
of Immigration Appeals ("BIA") handles appeals from decisions
of immigration law judges. The rulings of the BIA can be
found:
- Administrative Decisions Under Immigration and Nationality Laws (Law Annex KF4821 A6)
- Interpreter Releases (Law Annex KF 4802 I57)
- LexisNexis (IMMIG:BIA)
- Westlaw (FIA & BIA)
- Interim Decisions (1976 (Vol 16) - present) in .pdf format from the Department of Justice.
- Executive Office for Immigration Review ("EOIR") also has a chronological index of recent BIA and an alphabetical index of Office of the Chief Administrative Hearing Officer decisions available.
- A digest of administrative law decisions allows you to search for decisions by topic.
- Patel's Immigration Law Digest (Law Annex KF4814 P37 1982)
- Secretary of State:
through its visa
office and the United
States consuls shares enforcement responsibilities.
- Department of State issues:
- State Department Advisory Opinions to district directors in asylum cases are likely only available from the district office handling the case.
- Country Reports on Human Rights Practices (Law Annex JC571 C6).
- Department of State Dispatch (Law Annex JX 232 A333) (ceased in 1999) (1999- , refer to Department press releases)
- Country Background Notes
- Foreign Affairs Manual
Case Law
Appeals from the BIA are heard in the federal courts. The standard for appeals from administrative courts is "abuse of discretion." These decisions, which are selectively reported, can be found:
- Digest: Use West's Federal Practice Digest (Law Indexes) to locate cases
- Federal Supplement and Federal Supplement 2nd (Pappas).
- LexisNexis (GENFED:COURTS)
- Westlaw (ALLFEDS).
Forms and sample documents
- BCIS Forms and Fees
- Federal Immigration Laws and Regulations (Law Reserve and Law Annex KF4805.99 U54)
- Steel on Immigration Law (Law Annex KF 4819 S74)
- Immigration Procedures Handbook (Law Reserve KF 4819 I48
US Secondary Sources
- Books: Use the online catalog to
search for books and loose-leaf services related to immigration
and refugee law.
- Some immigration related books include:
- Kurzban's Immigration Law Sourcebook (2002 and 2000 Law Annex KF4819.3 .K87 and 1998: Law Reserve KF4819.3 .K87)
- Immigration Law and Procedure (Law Annex KF4819 .G67)
- International Immigration and Nationality Law (Law
Annex
K3275 .A48) - Immigration Law in a Nutshell (Law Reserve KF 4819.3 .W4)
- Interpreter Releases (Law Annex KF 4802 I57)
- Immigration Monitoring Report (Law Pappas)
- Immigration Newsletter (Law Annex JV6001 A1 I46)
- Press releases available at government web sites, like the BCIS or the Department of State related to your topic
- BCIS Handbooks, Manuals and Policy Guidance available at the BCIS web site.
- Asylum and refugee books at BU include:
- AILA'S Asylum Primer: A practical guide to U.S. asylum law and procedure, Law Civil Clinic KF4836 .G47 1998
- Human Rights Protection for Refugees, Asylum-Seekers, and Internally Displaced Persons: A guide to international mechanisms, Law Annex K3230.R45 H867 2002
- Refugee Law in Context: the exclusion clause, Law Annex K3268.3 .R44 1999
- Refugee Law and Policy: A comparative and international approach, Law Reserve KF4836.A7 M87 2002
- Who is a Refugee?: A comparative case law study, Law Annex K3274 .W46 1997
- Some immigration related books include:
- Periodicals: Legal periodicals, including law review
article, are great resources for starting your research. You
can find legal periodical article by searching:
- Legaltrac: An index of law review articles from 1980-present). Also on Westlaw (LRI) and LexisNexis (LGLND).
- Full text law review databases on Westlaw and LexisNexis. However, be aware, the date coverage of law review articles varies greatly. Also, searching full-text law review articles can be inefficient, as a search can return an extremely large numbers of articles.
- Hein Online: full-text law journals, many of which are not available on LexisNexis or Westlaw, can be searched or browsed and printed in .pdf format.
- News: you can search newspapers on Westlaw and LexisNexis to find related newspaper articles.
Researching International Law
The sources of public international law are international agreements, customary law, general principles of law, judicial decisions and academic writings. Most of the primary documents of interest will be international agreements. International agreements, or treaties, can be bilateral, between two countries, or multilateral, among several countries.
International Primary Sources
- Treaties
- United States Treaty Research Guide from Boston University Pappas Law Library
- Non-US Treaty Research Guide from Boston University Pappas Law Library
- Basic Documents on International Migration Law (Law Annex K3275 A35 B37 1997): Find many of the most important documents in the area of refugee law.
- International agreements related to immigration and refugees
can also be found:
- RefWorld: this United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees database is specifically devoted to documents such as reports relating to refugees.
- University of Minnesota Human Rights Project is another good site for the full text of multilateral agreements dealing with refugees.
- Judicial Decisions
- International Court of Justice (ICJ), created by the Charter of the United Nations, has jurisdiction extending to all states, whether or not they are members of the United Nations. ICJ decisions are found:
- Regional organizations also often have courts, including:
- Inter-American Court of Human Rights
- European Court of
Human Rights ("ECHR")
- Decisions and Reports (Law Annex K3239.5 E97)
- Court's web site
- International Legal Materials (select decisions)
- Law Annex
- HeinOnline (1962-2001)
International judicial decisions include:
International Secondary Sources
- Books: Use the online catalog to search for books and loose-leaf services related to international immigration and refugee law.
- Periodicals: Legal periodicals, including law review
articles, are great resources for starting your research. You
can find legal periodical articles by searching:
- Legaltrac: An index of law review articles from 1980 to present. Also on Westlaw (LRI) and LexisNexis (LGLND).
- Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals: This database, secured by IP address, is available from any computer on the BU campus. The IFLP indexes articles about international and comparative law of countries other than United States, British Isles, and British Commonwealth.
- European Legal Journals Index (Law Annex Ref KJC 6.5 E87) indexes articles from legal periodicals published in Europe.
- Legal Journals Index (Law Annex Ref K33 .L44 through 1999 and via Westlaw (LJI)(1986 to date)), which indexes articles from legal periodicals published in the United Kingdom.
- Full text law review databases on Westlaw and LexisNexis. However, be aware, the date coverage of law review articles varies greatly. Also, searching full-text law review articles can be inefficient, as a search can return an extremely large numbers of articles.
- Hein Online: full-text law journals, many of which are not available on LexisNexis or Westlaw, can be searched or browsed and printed in .pdf format.
- News: you can search newspapers on Westlaw and LexisNexis to find related newspaper articles.
- Other: IGOs and NGOs
- IGOs: Intergovernmental Organizations
- NGOs: Non-Governmental Organizations, including
- American Refugee Committee
- Amnesty International
- Forced Migration Online
- Global IDP Project
- Human Rights Internet
- Human Rights Watch
- International Committee of the Red Cross
- International Organization for Migration
- Refugees International
- US Committee for Refugees
- World Refugee
- Women's Commission for Refugee Women and Children
Researching
the Law of a Foreign Jurisdiction
Asylum, Immigration and Refugee Law Resources
For further information on researching asylum, immigration and refugee law, see section 8 of Specialized Legal Research (Law Reserve and Law Ref Desk KF240 S63 1987).
Some helpful web sites for asylum, immigration and refugee research include:
- Foreign and Intentional Law Resources: An Annotated Guide to Web Sites Around the World: Immigration and Asylum Law from Harvard Law School Library
- Guide to International Refugee Law Resources on the Web from the Law Library Resource Exchange
- Immigration Law on the Web from the Law Library Resource Exchange
- Asylum Case Research Guide from Georgetown University Law Center
- Immigration Law: An Overview from Cornell's Legal Information Institute
- Immigration Research Guide from Georgetown University Law Center
- Refugee Case Law Site from the University of Michigan: collects and indexes case law from around the world related to the definition of the word "refugee".
- Office of the Administrative Law Judge, Dept of Labor: Immigration related decisions
- American Immigration Law Foundation
- American Immigration Lawyers Association
- World Legal Information Institute (WorldLII): Law from around the world organized by topic, including:
- International Thesaurus of Refugee Terminology from the UNHCR Library and Forced Migration Online (FMO)
- SOSIG (Social Science Information Gateway) Law: Human Rights
- Refugees, Asylum, Nationality, Displaced, & Freedom of Movement from EISIL
Page maintained by Terri Gallego-O'Rourke
Last updated: February 2006